Nationalism in Europr

Nationalism in Europe

Multiple Choice Questions Quiz

1. What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries?

A) To establish a colonial empire

B) To create a sense of collective identity among the French people

C) To conquer neighboring countries

D) To restore absolute monarchy

Correct Answer: B) To create a sense of collective identity among the French people

The French Revolutionaries aimed to create a sense of collective identity by emphasizing the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen), and by adopting a new French flag, electing a National Assembly, and abolishing monarchy.

2. Which of the following was NOT a feature of Napoleonic Code?

A) Equality before the law

B) Right to property

C) Universal suffrage

D) Abolition of feudal system

Correct Answer: C) Universal suffrage

The Napoleonic Code established equality before law, right to property, and abolished the feudal system, but it did not grant universal suffrage. Voting rights were still limited to men of property.

3. The Treaty of Vienna was signed in:

A) 1789

B) 1815

C) 1848

D) 1871

Correct Answer: B) 1815

The Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon by the European powers. Its main objective was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.

4. Who was proclaimed the first King of united Italy?

A) Giuseppe Mazzini

B) Count Cavour

C) Victor Emmanuel II

D) Giuseppe Garibaldi

Correct Answer: C) Victor Emmanuel II

Victor Emmanuel II of the royal house of Piedmont-Sardinia was proclaimed the first King of united Italy in 1861 after the unification movement led by figures like Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi.

5. The German Confederation was a loose association of how many states?

A) 17

B) 25

C) 39

D) 52

Correct Answer: C) 39

The German Confederation created by the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 was a loose association of 39 German states, with Austria as the president of the Confederation.

6. Which of the following was NOT a result of the Treaty of Vienna (1815)?

A) Restoration of Bourbon dynasty in France

B) Creation of German Confederation

C) Unification of Germany

D) Switzerland recognized as independent nation

Correct Answer: C) Unification of Germany

The Treaty of Vienna did not unify Germany but rather created a loose German Confederation. Germany was unified much later in 1871 under Prussian leadership.

7. The concept of "La Patrie" emphasized:

A) The fatherland and the citizen

B) The divine right of kings

C) Colonial expansion

D) Religious unity

Correct Answer: A) The fatherland and the citizen

"La Patrie" (the fatherland) and "le citoyen" (the citizen) were concepts that emphasized a community enjoying equal rights under a constitution, which was central to French revolutionary ideas.

8. The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in:

A) 1789

B) 1815

C) 1848

D) 1871

Correct Answer: C) 1848

The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in 1848 in St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt by middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans to draft a constitution for a unified Germany.

9. Which country was NOT part of the "Eastern Question" in European politics?

A) Ottoman Empire

B) Russia

C) Britain

D) Japan

Correct Answer: D) Japan

The "Eastern Question" referred to the fate of the Ottoman Empire and its territories, involving European powers like Russia, Britain, France and Austria. Japan was not involved in these European affairs.

10. The Romantic movement emphasized:

A) Reason and logic

B) Industrial progress

C) Emotions and folk culture

D) Colonial expansion

Correct Answer: C) Emotions and folk culture

The Romantic movement emphasized emotions, intuition and mystical feelings, and sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment through folk culture including folk songs, poetry, and dances.

11. Who among the following was known as the "Bismarck of Italy"?

A) Giuseppe Mazzini

B) Count Cavour

C) Giuseppe Garibaldi

D) Victor Emmanuel II

Correct Answer: B) Count Cavour

Count Camillo de Cavour, the Chief Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, was known as the "Bismarck of Italy" for his diplomatic skills in unifying Italy, much like Bismarck unified Germany.

12. The Zollverein was:

A) A German customs union

B) A Prussian military alliance

C) An Austrian political party

D) A French revolutionary group

Correct Answer: A) A German customs union

The Zollverein was a customs union formed in 1834 that abolished tariff barriers between German states, creating economic unity which later helped political unification.

13. The July Revolution of 1830 occurred in:

A) France

B) Prussia

C) Austria

D) Russia

Correct Answer: A) France

The July Revolution of 1830 in France overthrew King Charles X and brought Louis Philippe to power, inspiring revolutionary movements elsewhere in Europe.

14. The concept of "Junkers" refers to:

A) Prussian landed aristocracy

B) Italian revolutionaries

C) French peasants

D) Austrian bureaucrats

Correct Answer: A) Prussian landed aristocracy

Junkers were the powerful landed aristocracy of Prussia who were conservative in nature and dominated the Prussian bureaucracy and military.

15. The "Carbonari" were:

A) Secret revolutionary societies in Italy

B) German industrialists

C) French artists

D) Russian peasants

Correct Answer: A) Secret revolutionary societies in Italy

The Carbonari were secret revolutionary societies in early 19th century Italy that worked for constitutional freedom and national independence.

16. The "Springtime of Peoples" refers to:

A) The French Revolution

B) The Revolutions of 1848

C) The Industrial Revolution

D) The Renaissance period

Correct Answer: B) The Revolutions of 1848

The "Springtime of Peoples" refers to the wave of revolutions in 1848 across Europe where people demanded constitutional reforms and national unification.

17. The "Ems Telegram" was associated with:

A) Unification of Italy

B) Franco-Prussian War

C) Crimean War

D) Napoleonic Wars

Correct Answer: B) Franco-Prussian War

The Ems Telegram (1870) was a diplomatic message from Prussia that was edited by Bismarck to provoke France into declaring war, leading to the Franco-Prussian War which completed German unification.

18. The "Young Italy" movement was founded by:

A) Count Cavour

B) Giuseppe Mazzini

C) Giuseppe Garibaldi

D) Victor Emmanuel II

Correct Answer: B) Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy in 1831 to work for the unification of Italy as a democratic republic based on universal suffrage.

19. The "Blood and Iron" policy was associated with:

A) Napoleon Bonaparte

B) Otto von Bismarck

C) Metternich

D) Kaiser Wilhelm I

Correct Answer: B) Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" speech (1862) emphasized that German unification would be achieved through military strength (blood) and industrial power (iron), not through speeches and majority decisions.

20. The "Dual Monarchy" of 1867 created:

A) Austria-Hungary

B) Germany-Italy

C) France-Spain

D) Russia-Poland

Correct Answer: A) Austria-Hungary

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 created the Dual Monarchy where Austria and Hungary became two equal partners under one ruler, Franz Joseph I.

21. The "Red Shirts" were followers of:

A) Giuseppe Mazzini

B) Count Cavour

C) Giuseppe Garibaldi

D) Victor Emmanuel II

Correct Answer: C) Giuseppe Garibaldi

Garibaldi's volunteer army called the "Red Shirts" fought for Italian unification, most notably in the Expedition of the Thousand (1860) which conquered Sicily and Naples.

22. The "Concert of Europe" was established to:

A) Promote industrialization

B) Maintain conservative order and prevent revolutions

C) Spread democratic ideals

D) Encourage colonial expansion

Correct Answer: B) Maintain conservative order and prevent revolutions

The Concert of Europe (after 1815) was a system of dispute resolution between major powers aimed at maintaining the conservative order established by the Congress of Vienna and preventing revolutionary movements.

23. The "Schleswig-Holstein Question" was a conflict between:

A) Prussia and Austria

B) France and Germany

C) Russia and Ottoman Empire

D) Italy and Austria

Correct Answer: A) Prussia and Austria

The Schleswig-Holstein Question (1864) was a territorial dispute over these duchies between Prussia and Austria, which Bismarck used to provoke war with Austria (1866) and exclude Austria from German affairs.

24. The "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies" was located in:

A) Northern Italy

B) Southern Italy

C) Eastern Germany

D) Western France

Correct Answer: B) Southern Italy

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816-1860) comprised southern Italy and Sicily, with its capital at Naples. It was conquered by Garibaldi in 1860 and became part of unified Italy.

25. The "Holy Alliance" was formed by:

A) Russia, Prussia, and Austria

B) France, Britain, and Spain

C) Italy, Germany, and Austria

D) Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Prussia

Correct Answer: A) Russia, Prussia, and Austria

The Holy Alliance (1815) was formed by the conservative monarchies of Russia, Prussia and Austria to suppress revolutionary movements and preserve Christian values in government.

26. The "Crimean War" (1853-56) was fought between:

A) Russia and Ottoman Empire

B) France and Britain

C) Prussia and Austria

D) Italy and France

Correct Answer: A) Russia and Ottoman Empire

The Crimean War began as a conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over control of holy sites in Palestine, but later involved Britain and France supporting the Ottomans.

27. The "July Monarchy" in France (1830-48) was ruled by:

A) Louis Philippe

B) Napoleon III

C) Charles X

D) Louis XVIII

Correct Answer: A) Louis Philippe

The July Monarchy (1830-48) was a liberal constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe, who came to power after the July Revolution overthrew Charles X.

28. The "Carlsbad Decrees" (1819) were issued to:

A) Promote German unification

B) Suppress liberal and nationalist movements in German states

C) Establish free trade in Europe

D) Support Greek independence

Correct Answer: B) Suppress liberal and nationalist movements in German states

The Carlsbad Decrees were issued by Metternich to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in German states after the assassination of a conservative playwright by a student.

29. The "Second French Empire" was ruled by:

A) Louis Philippe

B) Napoleon III

C) Charles de Gaulle

D) Louis Napoleon

Correct Answer: B) Napoleon III

The Second French Empire (1852-70) was ruled by Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte), who first became President of the Second Republic before declaring himself Emperor.

30. The "February Revolution" of 1848 occurred in:

A) Prussia

B) Austria

C) France

D) Italy

Correct Answer: C) France

The February Revolution (1848) in France overthrew King Louis Philippe and established the Second Republic, sparking revolutions across Europe that year.

31. The "October Diploma" (1860) and "February Patent" (1861) were reforms in:

A) Prussia

B) Austria

C) France

D) Russia

Correct Answer: B) Austria

These were constitutional reforms in Austria under Emperor Franz Joseph that attempted to deal with nationalist pressures within the Habsburg Empire.

32. The "Three Glorious Days" refers to:

A) The July Revolution of 1830 in France

B) The February Revolution of 1848 in France

C) The unification of Germany

D) The Crimean War

Correct Answer: A) The July Revolution of 1830 in France

The "Three Glorious Days" (July 27-29, 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and his replacement by Louis Philippe in France.

33. The "Risorgimento" refers to:

A) German unification movement

B) Italian unification movement

C) French revolutionary period

D) Austrian reform movement

Correct Answer: B) Italian unification movement

Risorgimento (meaning "resurgence") was the 19th century movement for Italian unification that culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

34. The "Kulturkampf" was Bismarck's struggle against:

A) Socialism

B) Catholicism

C) Liberalism

D) Nationalism

Correct Answer: B) Catholicism

Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") was Bismarck's campaign in the 1870s to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany, particularly in education and politics.

35. The "Magyars" were the dominant ethnic group in:

A) Austria

B) Hungary

C) Bohemia

D) Transylvania

Correct Answer: B) Hungary

The Magyars were the ethnic Hungarians who dominated the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the 1867 Compromise.

36. The "North German Confederation" was formed in:

A) 1815

B) 1848

C) 1867

D) 1871

Correct Answer: C) 1867

The North German Confederation (1867-71) was formed under Prussian leadership after Prussia's victory over Austria in 1866, and became the basis for a unified Germany in 1871.

37. The "Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia" played a leading role in:

A) German unification

B) Italian unification

C) French Revolution

D) Crimean War

Correct Answer: B) Italian unification

Piedmont-Sardinia, under its Prime Minister Count Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II, led the movement for Italian unification in the 1850s and 1860s.

38. The "Polish Uprising" of 1830 was against:

A) Prussian rule

B) Austrian rule

C) Russian rule

D) Ottoman rule

Correct Answer: C) Russian rule

The November Uprising (1830-31) was a Polish rebellion against Russian control of Congress Poland, which was ultimately crushed by Russian forces.

39. The "Battle of Sadowa" (1866) was decisive in:

A) Franco-Prussian War

B) Austro-Prussian War

C) Crimean War

D) Napoleonic Wars

Correct Answer: B) Austro-Prussian War

The Battle of Sadowa (or Königgrätz) was the decisive Prussian victory over Austria in 1866 that excluded Austria from German affairs and led to the North German Confederation.

40. The "Congress Poland" was created by:

A) Treaty of Vienna (1815)

B) Treaty of Versailles (1919)

C) Congress of Berlin (1878)

D) Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Correct Answer: A) Treaty of Vienna (1815)

Congress Poland was created at the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state under Russian rule, which lasted until the 1830 uprising.

41. The "Battle of Sedan" (1870) was decisive in:

A) Franco-Prussian War

B) Austro-Prussian War

C) Crimean War

D) Napoleonic Wars

Correct Answer: A) Franco-Prussian War

The Battle of Sedan (1870) was a decisive Prussian victory where Napoleon III was captured, leading to the fall of the Second French Empire and the eventual proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles.

42. The "February Patent" (1861) established a parliament in:

A) Prussia

B) Austria

C) France

D) Russia

Correct Answer: B) Austria

The February Patent was part of constitutional reforms in Austria that established the Reichsrat (Imperial Council) as a central parliament, though with limited powers.

43. The "Doctrine of Papal Infallibility" was proclaimed in:

A) 1815

B) 1848

C) 1870

D) 1900

Correct Answer: C) 1870

The First Vatican Council (1869-70) proclaimed the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, which became a point of conflict during Bismarck's Kulturkampf in Germany.

44. The "Ausgleich" of 1867 established:

A) German unification

B) Italian unification

C) Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy

D) Franco-Prussian alliance

Correct Answer: C) Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy

The Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867 transformed the Austrian Empire into the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, giving Hungary equal status with Austria under Emperor Franz Joseph.

45. The "Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia" was under control of:

A) France

B) Prussia

C) Austria

D) Russia

Correct Answer: C) Austria

The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (1815-66) was created by the Congress of Vienna as a crown land of the Austrian Empire, until it was lost to Italy in 1866.

46. The "October Revolution" of 1917 occurred in:

A) France

B) Germany

C) Russia

D) Austria

Correct Answer: C) Russia

The October Revolution (November 1917 by Gregorian calendar) was the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, marking the beginning of communist rule.

47. The "July Crisis" of 1914 led to:

A) Franco-Prussian War

B) World War I

C) Crimean War

D) Austro-Prussian War

Correct Answer: B) World War I

The July Crisis was the diplomatic crisis following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand that led to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914.

48. The "Dreyfus Affair" revealed divisions in:

A) German society

B) French society

C) Austrian society

D) Italian society

Correct Answer: B) French society

The Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906) was a political scandal that divided France between anti-Semitic, conservative forces and liberal, republican defenders of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer falsely convicted of treason.

49. The "Reichstag" was the parliament of:

A) Austria

B) Prussia

C) Germany

D) France

Correct Answer: C) Germany

The Reichstag was the lower house of parliament in the German Empire (1871-1918) and later during the Weimar Republic, though it had limited powers under the imperial constitution.

50. The "Paris Commune" was established in:

A) 1789

B) 1848

C) 1871

D) 1917

Correct Answer: C) 1871

The Paris Commune (March-May 1871) was a radical socialist government that briefly ruled Paris after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, until it was crushed by the French army.

51. The "Eastern Crisis" (1875-78) involved the decline of:

A) Russian Empire

B) Ottoman Empire

C) Austro-Hungarian Empire

D) German Empire

Correct Answer: B) Ottoman Empire

The Eastern Crisis (1875-78) involved rebellions against Ottoman rule in the Balkans and led to the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) and the Congress of Berlin (1878).

52. The "Black Hand" was a secret society in:

A) France

B) Germany

C) Serbia

D) Italy

Correct Answer: C) Serbia

The Black Hand was a Serbian nationalist secret society involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, which triggered World War I.

53. The "Dual Alliance" of 1879 was between:

A) Germany and Austria-Hungary

B) France and Russia

C) Britain and France

D) Italy and Germany

Correct Answer: A) Germany and Austria-Hungary

The Dual Alliance (1879) between Germany and Austria-Hungary was the foundation of Bismarck's alliance system, pledging mutual defense against Russian attack.

54. The "Reinsurance Treaty" (1887) was between:

A) Germany and Russia

B) France and Russia

C) Britain and Germany

D) Austria and Russia

Correct Answer: A) Germany and Russia

The Reinsurance Treaty was a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral unless Germany attacked France or Russia attacked Austria-Hungary, which lapsed in 1890.

55. The "Schlieffen Plan" was designed by:

A) France

B) Germany

C) Russia

D) Austria-Hungary

Correct Answer: B) Germany

The Schlieffen Plan was Germany's pre-World War I strategy for a two-front war, involving a rapid defeat of France before turning to face Russia.

56. The "Blank Check" refers to Germany's support for:

A) France in 1870

B) Austria-Hungary in 1914

C) Russia in 1905

D) Italy in 1866

Correct Answer: B) Austria-Hungary in 1914

The "Blank Check" was Germany's unconditional support for Austria-Hungary after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, encouraging Austria's harsh ultimatum to Serbia that led to World War I.

57. The "July Ultimatum" of 1914 was issued by:

A) Germany to France

B) Austria-Hungary to Serbia

C) Russia to Austria

D) Britain to Germany

Correct Answer: B) Austria-Hungary to Serbia

The July Ultimatum (July 23, 1914) was Austria-Hungary's harsh demands to Serbia following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, which Serbia could not fully accept, leading to war.

58. The "First Balkan War" (1912) was fought against:

A) Austria-Hungary

B) Russia

C) Ottoman Empire

D) Germany

Correct Answer: C) Ottoman Empire

The First Balkan War (1912) saw Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro defeat the Ottoman Empire, nearly driving the Turks out of Europe.

59. The "Second Balkan War" (1913) was fought primarily between:

A) Balkan allies and Ottoman Empire

B) Bulgaria and its former allies

C) Austria and Serbia

D) Russia and Austria

Correct Answer: B) Bulgaria and its former allies

The Second Balkan War (1913) broke out when Bulgaria attacked its former allies Serbia and Greece over territorial disputes from the First Balkan War, leading to Bulgaria's defeat.

60. The "July Days" (1917) refers to unrest in:

A) France

B) Germany

C) Russia

D) Austria

Correct Answer: C) Russia

The July Days (1917) were spontaneous armed demonstrations by workers and soldiers in Petrograd against the Russian Provisional Government, which the Bolsheviks initially hesitated to support.